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(currently) in post

  • 1 activité

    activité [aktivite]
    feminine noun
       a. activity
    • être en activité [volcan] to be active ; [centrale nucléaire] to be in operation
    • être en pleine activité [usine] to be operating at full capacity ; [personne] to be very busy
       b. ( = emploi) job
    • en activité [salarié] working
    • cesser son activité [salarié] to stop working ; [médecin] to stop practising
       c. ( = domaine d'intervention) [d'entreprise] business
    * * *
    aktivite
    1) ( occupation) activity

    cesser ses activités — [entreprise, commerçant] to stop trading; [avocat, médecin] to stop working

    reprendre ses activités — [entreprise, commerçant] to start trading again; [malade, vacancier] to go back to work

    2) ( fonctionnement) activity

    être en pleine activité — [atelier] to be in full production; [rue] to be bustling with activity; [personne] to be very busy

    en activité — [volcan] active; [usine] in operation; [travailleur] working; [militaire] in active service GB ou on active duty US

    3) ( énergie) ( de personne) energy
    * * *
    aktivite nf

    en activité (volcan) — active, (fonctionnaire) working, (militaire) on active service

    Le soir, ils organisent des activités. — They organize activities in the evening.

    * * *
    1 ( occupation) activity; leurs activités de syndicalistes their activities as trade unionists; activité professionnelle occupation; c'est une activité manuelle it's manual work; exercer une activité rémunérée to be gainfully employed; l'escroc qui exerçait son activité sur la côte the con-man who operated on the coast; cesser ses activités [entreprise, commerçant] to stop trading; [avocat, médecin] to stop working; reprendre ses activités [entreprise, commerçant] to start trading again; [malade, vacancier] to go back to work; entrer en activité [entreprise] to start trading; l'entrée en activité de la société en 1993 the company's entry into the market in 1993;
    2 ( fonctionnement) activity; activité économique economic activity; l'activité de la rue/ville the bustle of the street/town; l'activité du volcan the active state of the volcano; être en pleine activité [atelier] to be in full production; [rue, ville, gare] to be bustling with activity; hum [personne] to be very busy; en activité [volcan] active; [usine] in operation; [travailleur] working; [militaire] in active service GB ou on active duty US; ses années d'activité his working years;
    3 ( énergie) ( de personne) energy; être d'une activité débordante to be brimming with energy.
    [aktivite] nom féminin
    1. [animation] activity (substantif non comptable)
    le restaurant/l'aéroport débordait d'activité the restaurant/airport was very busy
    2. ADMINISTRATION & ÉCONOMIE
    3. [occupation] activity
    4. ASTRONOMIE & PHYSIOLOGIE activity
    en activité locution adjectivale
    [fonctionnaire, militaire] (currently) in post
    [médecin] practising
    ————————
    en pleine activité locution adjectivale
    [industrie, usine] fully operational
    [bureau, restaurant] bustling
    [marché boursier, secteur] very busy
    a. [très affairé] to be very busy

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > activité

  • 2 aviso

    m.
    1 warning (advertencia, amenaza).
    andar sobre aviso to be on the alert
    estar sobre aviso to be forewarned
    poner sobre aviso a alguien to warn somebody
    ¡que te sirva de aviso! let that be a warning to you!
    aviso de bomba bomb warning
    2 notice.
    hasta nuevo aviso until further notice
    llegó sin previo aviso he arrived without warning
    último aviso para los pasajeros del vuelo IB 257 last call for passengers of flight IB 257
    3 advertisement, advert. ( Latin American Spanish)
    4 ad, commercial, advertisement, advert.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: avisar.
    * * *
    2 (advertencia) warning
    \
    andar/estar sobre aviso (estar atento) to be on the alert, keep one's eyes open 2 (estar enterado) to know what's going on, be in on it 3 (estar avisado) to have been warned
    hasta nuevo aviso until further notice
    mandar aviso to send word
    poner sobre aviso to forewarn
    sin previo aviso without prior notice
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=notificación) notice

    Aviso: cerrado el lunes — Notice: closed Mondays

    dar aviso a algn de algo — to notify o inform sb of sth

    2) (=advertencia) warning
    3) (Com, Econ) demand note

    según (su) aviso — as per order, as ordered

    4) (Inform) prompt
    5) esp LAm (Com) advertisement

    aviso mural — poster, wall poster

    avisos limitados — Col classified advertisements

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( notificación) notice

    dio aviso a la policía — he notified o informed the police

    último aviso para los pasajeros... — last call for passengers...

    b) ( advertencia) warning

    sobre aviso: estás sobre aviso you've been warned; me puso sobre aviso de lo que ocurriría — he warned me what would happen

    c) (Cin, Teatr) bell
    d) (Taur) warning
    2) (AmL) (anuncio, cartel) advertisement, ad
    •
    * * *
    = word of caution, announcement, notice, reminder notice, warning, word of warning, follow-up, reminder, cautionary note, cautionary word, alert, heads up, wake-up call.
    Ex. Finally a word of caution: do not expect too much.
    Ex. Printed current awareness bulletins may be produced from similar facilities to those in above, except that here the announcement will relate only to newly added items.
    Ex. Notices may be useful in this context for the user who wishes to familiarise himself with the workings of the catalogue before approaching a terminal.
    Ex. The circulation staff also looks after overdues -- sending out reminder notices, making follow-up telephone calls, etc..
    Ex. No, he was not one to take off like a deer at the first warning of certain dangers.
    Ex. One word of warning before starting: products, concepts, applications of information technology are currently in a state of rapid evolution.
    Ex. The circulation staff also looks after overdues -- sending out reminder notices, making follow-up telephone calls, etc..
    Ex. A constant reminder that, these days, retrospective bibliography and technology are hand in hand is the realization that all of the items listed in both Pollard and Redgrave and Wing are available to purchase in microform editions.
    Ex. The different standards involved are described with cautionary notes on their limitations and the balance between standardisation and innovation.
    Ex. The article 'A few cautionary words about electronic publishing' argues that advances in microform technology have obviously fallen far behind their potential.
    Ex. The author reviews a number of Web sites that offer product warnings and business scam alerts.
    Ex. The article is entitled ' Heads up: confronting the selection and access issues of electronic journals'.
    Ex. These incidents should serve as a wake-up call for libraries planning a move.
    ----
    * aviso de advertencia = warning label.
    * aviso de encuadernación = binding trigger.
    * aviso de vencimiento = overdue notice.
    * aviso para los aviadores = NOTAM (Notice for Airmen).
    * casi sin previo aviso = without much notice.
    * dar un aviso = make + warning.
    * hasta nuevo aviso = until further notice.
    * luz de aviso = warning light.
    * mensaje de aviso = warning message.
    * piloto de aviso = warning light.
    * poner sobre aviso = alert to.
    * poner una señal de aviso = post + a warning, post + a warning sign.
    * señal de aviso = early warning signal, warning sign, warning signal.
    * señal de aviso de incendio = fire warning.
    * sin aviso previo = without warning.
    * sin previo aviso = unannounced, without warning, without notice, without prior notice, without prior notification, on spec, at the drop of a hat, without (any) further notice.
    * sistema de aviso de reclamaciones = claims warning system.
    * temporizador de aviso = egg timer.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( notificación) notice

    dio aviso a la policía — he notified o informed the police

    último aviso para los pasajeros... — last call for passengers...

    b) ( advertencia) warning

    sobre aviso: estás sobre aviso you've been warned; me puso sobre aviso de lo que ocurriría — he warned me what would happen

    c) (Cin, Teatr) bell
    d) (Taur) warning
    2) (AmL) (anuncio, cartel) advertisement, ad
    •
    * * *
    = word of caution, announcement, notice, reminder notice, warning, word of warning, follow-up, reminder, cautionary note, cautionary word, alert, heads up, wake-up call.

    Ex: Finally a word of caution: do not expect too much.

    Ex: Printed current awareness bulletins may be produced from similar facilities to those in above, except that here the announcement will relate only to newly added items.
    Ex: Notices may be useful in this context for the user who wishes to familiarise himself with the workings of the catalogue before approaching a terminal.
    Ex: The circulation staff also looks after overdues -- sending out reminder notices, making follow-up telephone calls, etc..
    Ex: No, he was not one to take off like a deer at the first warning of certain dangers.
    Ex: One word of warning before starting: products, concepts, applications of information technology are currently in a state of rapid evolution.
    Ex: The circulation staff also looks after overdues -- sending out reminder notices, making follow-up telephone calls, etc..
    Ex: A constant reminder that, these days, retrospective bibliography and technology are hand in hand is the realization that all of the items listed in both Pollard and Redgrave and Wing are available to purchase in microform editions.
    Ex: The different standards involved are described with cautionary notes on their limitations and the balance between standardisation and innovation.
    Ex: The article 'A few cautionary words about electronic publishing' argues that advances in microform technology have obviously fallen far behind their potential.
    Ex: The author reviews a number of Web sites that offer product warnings and business scam alerts.
    Ex: The article is entitled ' Heads up: confronting the selection and access issues of electronic journals'.
    Ex: These incidents should serve as a wake-up call for libraries planning a move.
    * aviso de advertencia = warning label.
    * aviso de encuadernación = binding trigger.
    * aviso de vencimiento = overdue notice.
    * aviso para los aviadores = NOTAM (Notice for Airmen).
    * casi sin previo aviso = without much notice.
    * dar un aviso = make + warning.
    * hasta nuevo aviso = until further notice.
    * luz de aviso = warning light.
    * mensaje de aviso = warning message.
    * piloto de aviso = warning light.
    * poner sobre aviso = alert to.
    * poner una señal de aviso = post + a warning, post + a warning sign.
    * señal de aviso = early warning signal, warning sign, warning signal.
    * señal de aviso de incendio = fire warning.
    * sin aviso previo = without warning.
    * sin previo aviso = unannounced, without warning, without notice, without prior notice, without prior notification, on spec, at the drop of a hat, without (any) further notice.
    * sistema de aviso de reclamaciones = claims warning system.
    * temporizador de aviso = egg timer.

    * * *
    A
    [ S ] aviso al público notice to the public, public notice
    alguien dio aviso a la policía someone notified o informed the police, someone reported it to the police
    llegó sin previo aviso he arrived without prior warning o unexpectedly o out of the blue
    hasta nuevo aviso until further notice
    último aviso para los pasajeros … last call for passengers …
    2 (advertencia) warning
    sobre aviso: estás sobre aviso you've been warned
    me puso sobre aviso de lo que ocurriría he warned me what would happen
    3 ( Cin, Teatr) bell
    4 ( Taur) warning
    Compuesto:
    remittance advice
    B ( AmL) (anuncio, cartel) advertisement, ad, advert ( BrE)
    Compuestos:
    classified advertisement
    death notice
    ● aviso oportuno or de ocasión
    * * *

     

    Del verbo avisar: ( conjugate avisar)

    aviso es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    avisó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    avisar    
    aviso
    avisar ( conjugate avisar) verbo transitivo
    a) ( notificar):

    ◊ ¿por qué no me avisaste que venías? why didn't you let me know you were coming?;

    nos han avisado que… they've notified us that…
    b) (Esp, Méx) ( llamar) to call;



    quedas or estás avisado you've been warned
    verbo intransitivo:
    ◊ llegó sin aviso she showed up without any prior warning o unexpectedly;

    avísame cuando acabes let me know when you've finished;
    aviso a algn de algo to let sb know about sth
    aviso sustantivo masculino
    1

    ( on signs) aviso al público notice to the public;
    ◊ dio aviso a la policía he notified o informed the police;

    sin previo aviso without prior warning;
    último aviso para los pasajeros … last call for passengers …


    c) (Cin, Teatr) bell

    d) (Taur) warning

    2 (AmL) (anuncio, cartel) advertisement, ad
    avisar verbo transitivo
    1 (prevenir, advertir) to warn: ya te avisé, I told you so
    2 (comunicar) to inform: cuando te decidas, avísame, let me know when you make up your mind
    3 (llamar) to call for
    avisar a la policía, to call the police
    avisar al médico, to send for the doctor
    aviso sustantivo masculino
    1 notice
    (advertencia) warning
    (comunicado) note: no lo utilicen hasta nuevo aviso, don't use it until further notice
    nos cortaron la luz sin previo aviso, they cut our electricity off without notice
    ♦ Locuciones: sobre aviso: no me ha cogido por sorpresa, estaba sobre aviso, I wasn't surprised, I had been warned/I was expecting it
    ' aviso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    fulminante
    - letrero
    - recado
    - recordatorio
    - toque
    - esquela
    - este
    - llegar
    - ni
    - poner
    - previo
    - señal
    English:
    advice
    - caution
    - forewarn
    - further
    - gale warning
    - if
    - notice
    - notify
    - pin up
    - prompt
    - reminder
    - should
    - warning
    - warning sign
    - advertisement
    - commercial
    - final
    - small
    * * *
    aviso nm
    1. [advertencia, amenaza] warning;
    andar sobre aviso to be on the alert;
    estar sobre aviso to be forewarned;
    ¡que te sirva de aviso! let that be a warning to you!
    aviso de bomba bomb warning
    2. [notificación] notice;
    [en teatros, aeropuertos] call;
    hasta nuevo aviso until further notice;
    último aviso para los pasajeros del vuelo IB 257 last call for passengers for flight IB 257;
    sin previo aviso without notice;
    llegó sin previo aviso he arrived without warning
    Com aviso de vencimiento due-date reminder
    3. Taurom = warning to matador not to delay the kill any longer
    4. Am [anuncio] advertisement, advert;
    no te deja pasar un aviso she doesn't let you get a word in edgeways
    aviso clasificado classified advertisement;
    aviso fúnebre death notice;
    aviso publicitario advertisement, advert
    * * *
    m
    1 ( comunicación) notice;
    hasta nuevo aviso until further notice;
    sin previo aviso without any notice o warning;
    último aviso AVIA final call;
    2 ( advertencia) warning;
    estar sobre aviso have been warned;
    poner a alguien sobre aviso give s.o. a warning, warn s.o.
    3 L.Am. ( anuncio) advertisement
    * * *
    aviso nm
    1) : notice
    2) : advertisement, ad
    3) advertencia: warning
    4)
    estar sobre aviso : to be on the alert
    * * *
    1. (advertencia) warning
    2. (anuncio) notice

    Spanish-English dictionary > aviso

  • 3 dejar el trabajo

    (v.) = resign from + Posesivo + post, quit + Posesivo + job, jump + ship
    Ex. While being off work he decided that he wanted to move on and resigned from the post.
    Ex. As banks collapse and thousands are laid off, former finance industry whizz-kids say they have never looked back after quitting their jobs.
    Ex. A new study suggests that up to 40% of currently employed individuals are ready to jump ship once the economy rebounds.
    * * *
    (v.) = resign from + Posesivo + post, quit + Posesivo + job, jump + ship

    Ex: While being off work he decided that he wanted to move on and resigned from the post.

    Ex: As banks collapse and thousands are laid off, former finance industry whizz-kids say they have never looked back after quitting their jobs.
    Ex: A new study suggests that up to 40% of currently employed individuals are ready to jump ship once the economy rebounds.

    Spanish-English dictionary > dejar el trabajo

  • 4 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 5 ocupar

    v.
    1 to occupy (invadir) (territorio, edificio).
    Ella ocupa un espacio She occupies a space.
    2 to occupy (llenar) (mente).
    ¿en qué ocupas tu tiempo libre? how do you spend your spare time?
    los niños me ocupan mucho tiempo the children take up a lot of my time
    este trabajo sólo te ocupará unas horas this task will only take you a few hours
    3 to take up (superficie, espacio).
    4 to hold.
    5 to find or provide work for (dar trabajo a).
    6 to employ, to give work to, to busy, to take up.
    Ellos ocuparon a Ricardo They employed Richard.
    7 to need.
    Ellos ocupan un auto hoy They need a car today.
    8 to need to.
    Yo ocupo limpiar el auto I need to clean the car.
    * * *
    1 to occupy, take
    ■ él siempre ocupa este asiento he always occupies this seat, he always sits here
    2 (adueñarse de) to occupy, take
    3 (llenar) to take up
    4 (dedicar) to do
    ■ ¿en qué ocupa sus ratos libres? what do you do in your spare time?
    5 (habitar) to live in, occupy
    6 (estar - en un cargo) to hold, fill; (- en posición) to occupy, be in
    7 (dar trabajo) to employ
    1 (encargarse de) to take care of; (tratar) to deal with
    \
    ocuparse de lo suyo to mind one's own business
    * * *
    verb
    4) hold
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ espacio] to take up

    el armario ocupa toda la pared — the wardrobe takes up o covers the length of the wall

    2) [+ posición]

    la posición que ocupa nuestra empresa en el mercado europeo — our company's position in the European market, the position that our company occupies o has o holds in the European market

    3) (Com) [+ puesto, cargo] to hold; [+ vacante] to fill

    la persona que ocupaba el cargo antes que ella — her predecessor in the post, the person who held the post before her

    4) (Mil, Pol) [+ ciudad, país] to occupy
    5) (=habitar) [+ vivienda] to live in, occupy; [+ local] to occupy

    la agencia ocupa el último piso del edificio — the agency has o occupies the top floor of the building

    6) [+ tiempo] [labor, acción] take up; [persona] to spend
    7) (=dar trabajo a) to employ

    la agricultura ocupa a un 10% de la población activa — 10% of the working population is employed in agriculture, agriculture employs 10% of the working population

    8) (=concernir)

    pero, volviendo al tema que nos ocupa... — however, returning to the subject under discussion..., however, returning to the subject we are concerned with o that concerns us...

    en el caso que nos ocupa — in this particular case, in the case under discussion

    9) (=confiscar) to confiscate
    10) Méx (=usar) to use

    ¿está ocupando la pluma? — are you using the pen?

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) < espacio> to take up

    volvió a ocupar su asiento — she returned to her seat, she took her seat again

    b) <vivienda/habitación>

    ¿quién ocupa la habitación 234? — who's in room 234?

    ¿qué lugar ocupan en la liga? — what position are they in the division?

    d) < cargo> to hold, occupy (frml); < vacante> to fill
    3) <fábrica/territorio> to occupy
    4)
    a) < trabajadores> to provide employment for
    b) ( concernir) to concern
    5) < tiempo>

    ¿en qué ocupas tu tiempo libre? — how do you spend your spare time?

    6) (AmC, Chi, Méx) ( usar) to use
    2.
    ocuparse v pron

    ocuparse DE algo/alguien: ¿quién se ocupa de los niños? who takes care of o looks after the children?; este departamento se ocupa de... this department deals with o is in charge of...; yo me ocuparé de eso I'll see to that; yo me ocupé de hacer la reservación I took care of the reservations; tú ocúpate de tus cosas — you mind your own business

    * * *
    = occupy, live in.
    Ex. Longer titles since each title can occupy only one line will be truncated and only brief source references are included.
    Ex. The apartment is brand new with all mods and cons and never lived in before.
    ----
    * conseguir ocupar un lugar específico = secure + a niche.
    * en virtud del cargo que ocupa = ex officio.
    * ocupar el cargo = be in the position.
    * ocupar el lugar de = take + the place of.
    * ocupar el lugar de Alguien = take + Posesivo + place.
    * ocupar el puesto de = replace, have + the rank of.
    * ocupar el puesto de + Nombre = hold + Nombre + rank.
    * ocupar el tiempo = fill in + Posesivo + time.
    * ocupar espacio = occupy + space, take up + space, take up + room.
    * ocupar ilegalmente = squat.
    * ocupar la mejor posición para = be in the best position to, be best positioned to, be the best placed to.
    * ocupar + Nombre Geográfico = occupy + Nombre Geográfico.
    * ocuparse = run, tend.
    * ocuparse de = be concerned with, deal with, indulge in, preoccupy, turn to, concern, take + a turn at, care (about/for), become + engaged (in/with), engage with, see to.
    * ocuparse de que = see to it that.
    * ocupar tiempo = occupy + time, take up + time.
    * ocupar una posición = take + position, fill + niche, occupy + a niche.
    * ocupar una posición de = be in position of.
    * ocupar una situación idónea para = be well-placed to.
    * ocupar un cargo = hold + position.
    * ocupar un cargo de dirección = hold + a chair.
    * ocupar un lugar = hold + a place, occupy + place.
    * ocupar un lugar destacado para + Pronombre = stand + high on + Posesivo + list.
    * ocupar un lugar en una clasificación = rank.
    * ocupar un lugar importante = take + pride of place.
    * ocupar un lugar prioritario en los intereses de Alguien = rank + high on + Posesivo + agenda.
    * ocupar un lugar privilegiado = have + pride of place.
    * ocupar un nivel de prioridad alto = rank + high on the list of priorities, be high on the priority list, be high on + list.
    * ocupar un posición = occupy + position.
    * ocupar un primer lugar = stand + first.
    * ocupar un puesto = hold + position.
    * ocupar un puesto de confianza = be on the inside.
    * ocupar un puesto de trabajo = assume + position, take up + post, hold + post.
    * ocupar un puesto en = have + a place in.
    * ocupar un segundo plano = stand in + the background.
    * pasar a ocupar el puesto de Alguien = step into + the shoes of, stand in + Posesivo + shoes.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) < espacio> to take up

    volvió a ocupar su asiento — she returned to her seat, she took her seat again

    b) <vivienda/habitación>

    ¿quién ocupa la habitación 234? — who's in room 234?

    ¿qué lugar ocupan en la liga? — what position are they in the division?

    d) < cargo> to hold, occupy (frml); < vacante> to fill
    3) <fábrica/territorio> to occupy
    4)
    a) < trabajadores> to provide employment for
    b) ( concernir) to concern
    5) < tiempo>

    ¿en qué ocupas tu tiempo libre? — how do you spend your spare time?

    6) (AmC, Chi, Méx) ( usar) to use
    2.
    ocuparse v pron

    ocuparse DE algo/alguien: ¿quién se ocupa de los niños? who takes care of o looks after the children?; este departamento se ocupa de... this department deals with o is in charge of...; yo me ocuparé de eso I'll see to that; yo me ocupé de hacer la reservación I took care of the reservations; tú ocúpate de tus cosas — you mind your own business

    * * *
    = occupy, live in.

    Ex: Longer titles since each title can occupy only one line will be truncated and only brief source references are included.

    Ex: The apartment is brand new with all mods and cons and never lived in before.
    * conseguir ocupar un lugar específico = secure + a niche.
    * en virtud del cargo que ocupa = ex officio.
    * ocupar el cargo = be in the position.
    * ocupar el lugar de = take + the place of.
    * ocupar el lugar de Alguien = take + Posesivo + place.
    * ocupar el puesto de = replace, have + the rank of.
    * ocupar el puesto de + Nombre = hold + Nombre + rank.
    * ocupar el tiempo = fill in + Posesivo + time.
    * ocupar espacio = occupy + space, take up + space, take up + room.
    * ocupar ilegalmente = squat.
    * ocupar la mejor posición para = be in the best position to, be best positioned to, be the best placed to.
    * ocupar + Nombre Geográfico = occupy + Nombre Geográfico.
    * ocuparse = run, tend.
    * ocuparse de = be concerned with, deal with, indulge in, preoccupy, turn to, concern, take + a turn at, care (about/for), become + engaged (in/with), engage with, see to.
    * ocuparse de que = see to it that.
    * ocupar tiempo = occupy + time, take up + time.
    * ocupar una posición = take + position, fill + niche, occupy + a niche.
    * ocupar una posición de = be in position of.
    * ocupar una situación idónea para = be well-placed to.
    * ocupar un cargo = hold + position.
    * ocupar un cargo de dirección = hold + a chair.
    * ocupar un lugar = hold + a place, occupy + place.
    * ocupar un lugar destacado para + Pronombre = stand + high on + Posesivo + list.
    * ocupar un lugar en una clasificación = rank.
    * ocupar un lugar importante = take + pride of place.
    * ocupar un lugar prioritario en los intereses de Alguien = rank + high on + Posesivo + agenda.
    * ocupar un lugar privilegiado = have + pride of place.
    * ocupar un nivel de prioridad alto = rank + high on the list of priorities, be high on the priority list, be high on + list.
    * ocupar un posición = occupy + position.
    * ocupar un primer lugar = stand + first.
    * ocupar un puesto = hold + position.
    * ocupar un puesto de confianza = be on the inside.
    * ocupar un puesto de trabajo = assume + position, take up + post, hold + post.
    * ocupar un puesto en = have + a place in.
    * ocupar un segundo plano = stand in + the background.
    * pasar a ocupar el puesto de Alguien = step into + the shoes of, stand in + Posesivo + shoes.

    * * *
    ocupar [A1 ]
    vt
    A ‹espacio› to take up
    la cama ocupa toda la habitación the bed takes up the whole room
    el piano ocupa demasiado sitio the piano takes up o occupies too much space
    B «persona»
    1 ‹lugar/asiento›
    volvió a ocupar su asiento she returned to her seat, she took her seat again
    siempre ocupaba la cabecera de la mesa she always sat at the head of the table
    2 ‹vivienda/habitación›
    ya han ocupado la casa they have already moved into the house
    los niños ocupaban la habitación del fondo the children slept in o had the room at the back
    3
    (en una clasificación): ocupa el tercer lugar en el ránking she's third in the rankings
    ¿qué lugar ocupan en la liga? what position are they in o where are they in the division?
    pasan a ocupar el primer puesto they move into first place
    4 ‹cargo› to hold, occupy ( frml); ‹vacante› to fill
    ocupó la presidencia del club durante varios años she held the post of o she was president of the club for several years
    C
    1 ‹fábrica/embajada› to occupy
    2 ‹territorio› to occupy
    D
    1 ‹trabajadores› to provide employment for
    ocupará a 120 trabajadores durante tres meses it will provide employment for 120 workers for three months
    esta industria ocupa a miles de personas this industry employs thousands of people
    2 (concernir) to concern
    el caso que nos ocupa the case we are dealing with o which concerns us
    E ‹tiempo›
    ¿en qué ocupas tus ratos libres? how do you spend your spare time?
    me ocupa demasiado tiempo it takes up too much of my time
    la redacción de la carta me ocupó toda la mañana it took me all morning to write the letter
    F ( Esp) ‹armas/contrabando› to seize, confiscate
    G (AmC, Chi, Méx) (usar) to use
    ¿estás ocupando las tijeras? are you using the scissors?
    esa palabra no se ocupa en Chiapas ( Méx); they don't use that word in Chiapas
    A (atender) ocuparse DE algo/algn:
    ¿quién se ocupa de los niños? who takes care of o looks after the children?
    este departamento se ocupa de la administración this department deals with o is in charge of administration
    enseguida me ocupo de usted I'll be right with you o one moment and I'll attend to you
    nadie se ha ocupado de arreglarlo nobody has bothered to fix it
    ya me ocuparé yo de eso I'll see to that in due course
    tú ocúpate de tus cosas que de las mías me ocupo yo you mind your own business and let me take care of mine
    B ( Esp arg) (ejercer la prostitución) to be a hooker (sl), to be on the game ( BrE sl)
    * * *

     

    ocupar ( conjugate ocupar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹espacio/tiempo› to take up;

    ¿en qué ocupas tu tiempo libre? how do you spend your spare time?
    2 [ persona]


    ocupaban (todo) un lado de la sala they took up one (whole) side of the room

    ‹ habitación› to be in;
    ‹ asiento› to be (sitting) in

    ◊ ¿qué lugar ocupan en la liga? what position are they in the division?

    d) ‹ cargo› to hold, occupy (frml);

    ‹ vacante› to fill
    3 ‹fábrica/territorio› to occupy
    4 (AmC, Chi, Méx) ( usar) to use
    ocuparse verbo pronominal ocuparse DE algo/algn ‹de tarea/trabajo› to take care of sth;
    ‹de problema/asunto› to deal with sth;

    ocuparse de algn ‹de niño/enfermo› to take care of sb, to look after sb
    ocupar verbo transitivo
    1 (espacio, tiempo) to take up
    2 (un puesto) to hold, fill
    3 (casa, territorio) to occupy
    (ilegalmente) to squat (in)

    ' ocupar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    desocupada
    - desocupado
    - proponer
    - vacía
    - vacío
    - abultar
    - poblar
    English:
    by-election
    - encroach
    - fill
    - fill in
    - hold
    - inside
    - occupy
    - reoccupy
    - room
    - space
    - squat
    - take
    - take over
    - take up
    - move
    - place
    - put
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [invadir] [territorio, edificio] to occupy;
    han ocupado la casa [ilegalmente] squatters have moved into the house
    2. [llenar] [mente] to occupy;
    ¿en qué ocupas tu tiempo libre? how do you spend your spare time?;
    ocupa su tiempo en estudiar she spends her time studying;
    los niños me ocupan mucho tiempo the children take up a lot of my time;
    este trabajo sólo te ocupará unas horas this task will only take you a few hours
    3. [abarcar, utilizar] [superficie, espacio] to take up;
    [habitación, piso] to live in; [mesa] to sit at; [sillón] to sit in;
    ocupamos los despachos que hay al final del pasillo our offices are at the end of the corridor;
    ¿cuándo ocupas la casa? when do you move into the house o move in?;
    los embajadores siempre ocupan las primeras filas the ambassadors always occupy the first few rows
    4. [cargo, puesto, cátedra] to hold;
    ¿qué lugar ocupa el Flamingo en la clasificación? where are Flamingo in the league?
    5. [dar trabajo a] to find o provide work for;
    el sector turístico ocupa a la mayoría de la población del litoral most of the people who live on the coast are employed in the tourist industry;
    ha ido ocupando a toda su familia he's found work for all of his family
    6. Esp Der [confiscar]
    ocupar algo a alguien to seize o confiscate sth from sb
    7. CAm, Méx [usar, emplear] to use;
    ¿qué palabra ocuparías tú en esta oración? what word would you use in this sentence?;
    en esa oficina ocupan veinte computadoras twenty computers are used in that office
    * * *
    v/t
    1 espacio take up, occupy
    2 ( habitar) live in, occupy
    3 obreros employ
    4 periodo de tiempo spend, occupy
    5 MIL occupy
    * * *
    ocupar vt
    1) : to occupy, to take possession of
    2) : to hold (a position)
    3) : to employ, to keep busy
    4) : to fill (space, time)
    5) : to inhabit (a dwelling)
    6) : to bother, to concern
    * * *
    ocupar vb
    1. (llenar espacio o tiempo) to take up [pt. took; pp. taken]
    2. (llevar tiempo) to take [pt. took; pp. taken]
    3. (dedicar tiempo) to spend [pt. & pp. spent]
    4. (país etc) to occupy [pt. & pp. occupied]
    5. (cargo, posición) to be

    Spanish-English dictionary > ocupar

  • 6 portal

    adj.
    pylic.
    m.
    1 entrance hall (entrada).
    viven en aquel portal they live at that number
    2 crib, Nativity scene.
    * * *
    \
    el portal de Belén the stable at Bethlehem
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) [de edificio] (=vestíbulo) hallway; (=puerta) front door
    2) [de casa] hall, vestibule frm
    3) (Rel)

    portal de Belén — (=representación navideña) Nativity scene

    el portal de Belén — (Biblia) the stable at Bethlehem

    4) (Dep) goal
    5) [de muralla] gate
    6) (Internet) portal
    7) pl portales (=soportales) arcade sing
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( de casa - entrada) doorway; (- vestíbulo) hall
    b) (de iglesia, palacio) portal
    c) ( en muralla) gate

    el portal de Belén — (Bib) the stable at Bethlehem

    2) portales masculino plural ( soportales) arcade
    * * *
    = doorway, portal, Web site [website], site, search engine, subject gateway, gateway, portal site, gateway site, metasite.
    Ex. Heads started appearing in the doorway, muttering, 'Oh! So this is the library'.
    Ex. Portals are those Web sites which tend to be the starting points for Internet users and are the most intensively used consumer Web sites in the world.
    Ex. Generally speaking, people who post information at Web sites intend to make it freely available.
    Ex. However, as phone systems improve, you can expect this to change too; more and more, you'll see smaller sites (even individuals home systems) connecting to the Internet.
    Ex. The number of World Wide Web (WWW) databases or search engines has grown rapidly = El total de bases de datos o buscadores World Wide Web ha aumentado rápidamente.
    Ex. Subject gateways are Internet-based services designed to help users locate 'high quality' information that is available on the Internet and consists typically of a database describing Internet resources and offering hyperlinks to them.
    Ex. One of the roles of the local library is to act as a gateway to other information sources.
    Ex. The author presents a view of portal sites as a radically different model from those currently embraced by traditional information companies.
    Ex. The search engines are attempting to become portal or gateway sites, keeping visitors for longer.
    Ex. The article 'Virtual holiday excursions' covers metasites, holiday sites, virtual travel, pleasure reading, odd ball sites, personal psychology, personal ads, and fortune telling.
    ----
    * módulo de aceso de un portal = portlet.
    * portal de Internet = Web portal, Internet portal, web-based research guide.
    * portales = portal.
    * portal temático = subject guide, subject portal.
    * portal vertical = vortal (vertical portal).
    * portal web = Web portal, Web guide.
    * ventana de un portal = portlet.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( de casa - entrada) doorway; (- vestíbulo) hall
    b) (de iglesia, palacio) portal
    c) ( en muralla) gate

    el portal de Belén — (Bib) the stable at Bethlehem

    2) portales masculino plural ( soportales) arcade
    * * *
    = doorway, portal, Web site [website], site, search engine, subject gateway, gateway, portal site, gateway site, metasite.

    Ex: Heads started appearing in the doorway, muttering, 'Oh! So this is the library'.

    Ex: Portals are those Web sites which tend to be the starting points for Internet users and are the most intensively used consumer Web sites in the world.
    Ex: Generally speaking, people who post information at Web sites intend to make it freely available.
    Ex: However, as phone systems improve, you can expect this to change too; more and more, you'll see smaller sites (even individuals home systems) connecting to the Internet.
    Ex: The number of World Wide Web (WWW) databases or search engines has grown rapidly = El total de bases de datos o buscadores World Wide Web ha aumentado rápidamente.
    Ex: Subject gateways are Internet-based services designed to help users locate 'high quality' information that is available on the Internet and consists typically of a database describing Internet resources and offering hyperlinks to them.
    Ex: One of the roles of the local library is to act as a gateway to other information sources.
    Ex: The author presents a view of portal sites as a radically different model from those currently embraced by traditional information companies.
    Ex: The search engines are attempting to become portal or gateway sites, keeping visitors for longer.
    Ex: The article 'Virtual holiday excursions' covers metasites, holiday sites, virtual travel, pleasure reading, odd ball sites, personal psychology, personal ads, and fortune telling.
    * módulo de aceso de un portal = portlet.
    * portal de Internet = Web portal, Internet portal, web-based research guide.
    * portales = portal.
    * portal temático = subject guide, subject portal.
    * portal vertical = vortal (vertical portal).
    * portal web = Web portal, Web guide.
    * ventana de un portal = portlet.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de una casa — entrada) doorway; (— vestíbulo) hall
    2 (de una iglesia, un palacio) portal
    el portal de Belén ( Bib) the stable at Bethlehem
    C ( Inf) portal
    * * *

     

    portal sustantivo masculino

    (— vestíbulo) hall
    b) (de iglesia, palacio) portal


    portal sustantivo masculino
    1 (puerta de la calle) main door
    (de una finca) gateway
    2 (recinto de entrada) entrance hall
    ' portal' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    pórtico
    - risa
    - telefonillo
    - farol
    * * *
    portal nm
    1. [entrada] entrance hall;
    [puerta] main door;
    viven en aquel portal they live at that number
    2. [belén] crib, Nativity scene;
    el portal de Belén the stable at Bethlehem
    3. Informát [página Web] portal
    * * *
    m
    1 de casa, pisos foyer
    2 ( entrada) doorway
    3 INFOR portal
    * * *
    portal nm
    1) : portal, doorway
    2) vestíbulo: vestibule, hall
    * * *
    portal n entrance hall

    Spanish-English dictionary > portal

  • 7 general

    '‹enərəl
    1. adjective
    1) (of, involving etc all, most or very many people, things etc: The general feeling is that he is stupid; His general knowledge is good although he is not good at mathematics.) general
    2) (covering a large number of cases: a general rule.) general
    3) (without details: I'll just give you a general idea of the plan.) general
    4) ((as part of an official title) chief: the Postmaster General.) jefe, general

    2. noun
    (in the British army, (a person of) the rank next below field marshal: General Smith.) general
    - generalise
    - generalization
    - generalisation
    - generally
    - General Certificate of Education
    - general election
    - general practitioner
    - general store
    - as a general rule
    - in general
    - the general public
    general1 adj general
    in general en general / por lo general
    general2 n general

    Multiple Entries: Gral.     general
    Gral. sustantivo masculino (
    ◊ General) Gen.

    general adjetivo
    a) (no específico, global) general;
    hablando en líneas generales broadly speaking; un panorama general de la situación an overall view of the situation
    b) ( en locs)
    el público en general the general public; por lo general as a (general) rule ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino (Mil) general
    general
    I adjetivo general
    director general, general manager, director-general
    huelga general, general strike
    secretario general, Secretary-General
    II m Mil Rel general Locuciones: por lo o en general, in general, generally ' general' also found in these entries: Spanish: abogada - abogado - anestesia - asesinar - bachillerato - bien - camino - capitán - capitana - cerrarse - CGPJ - ciudad - comida - cuartel - decretar - desbandada - DGT - economía - EGB - el - elección - enferma - enfermo - ensayo - entre - error - esperar - fiscal - golpista - gral. - huelga - ladrón - ladrona - lata - lista - LOGSE - mayoría - nombrar - panorama - parecerse - piso - policlínica - política - protesta - pública - público - regalar - regla - sazón - secretaría English: AGM - all-out - as - Attorney General - backdrop - blanket - booze - bosom - breast - buck - crime - current - disheveled - dishevelled - dress - dress rehearsal - dry run - education - election - GATT - GCE - GCSE - general - general anaesthetic - general assembly - general election - general knowledge - general practice - general practitioner - general public - generally - GP - GPO - headquarters - HQ - large - main - managing - master - mobilize - most - opposite - outline - overall - overview - Postmaster General - practitioner - prevailing - public - quash
    tr['ʤenərəl]
    1 general
    ■ could you give me a general idea? ¿me podrías dar una idea general?
    1 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL general nombre masculino
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    as a general rule por regla general, como norma
    in general por lo general
    general practice medicina general
    general practitioner médico,-a de cabecera
    general ['ʤɛnrəl, 'ʤnə-] adj
    : general
    in general: en general, por lo general
    : general mf
    adj.
    • extendido, -a adj.
    • general adj.
    n.
    • general s.m.

    I 'dʒenrəl
    1)

    speaking in general terms, you are right — hablando en general or en líneas generales, tienes razón

    b) ( not specialized) < information> general; < laborer> no especializado
    2)
    a) ( applicable to all) general
    b) ( widespread) < tendency> generalizado
    3) ( usual) general

    as a general rule we don't allow it — por lo general or por regla general no lo permitimos

    4) ( chief) < manager> general

    General Assembly — Asamblea f General

    5) ( Med) < anesthetic> general

    II
    noun ( Mil) general mf
    ['dʒenǝrǝl]
    1. ADJ
    1) (=overall) [appearance, decline, attitude] general

    • the general standard of education is very high — el nivel general de educación es muy alto

    2) (=widespread) [view, interest] general

    • there was general agreement on this question — hubo un consenso general con respecto a esta cuestión

    • contrary to general belief — contrariamente a or en contra de lo que comúnmente se cree

    • there was general opposition to the proposal — la oposición a la propuesta fue general or generalizada

    • for general use — para el uso general

    3) (=vague, non-specific) general

    • we drove in the general direction of Aberdeen — fuimos conduciendo en dirección aproximada a Aberdeen

    • please direct any general enquiries you may have to my secretary — le ruego solicite a mi secretaria cualquier información de carácter general

    • I've got the general idea — tengo más o menos una idea

    • I'm beginning to get the general picture — estoy empezando a hacerme una idea

    • a general term — un término genérico

    • in general terms — en líneas or términos generales

    4) (=usual)

    • as a general rule — por regla general

    5) (=not specialized) [reader, public] no especializado

    • an introduction to psychology for the general reader — una introducción a la psicología para el lector no especializado

    2. N
    1)

    • in general — en general

    in general this kind of situation can be controlled — (=normally) en general or por lo general este tipo de situaciones pueden controlarse

    2)
    3) (Mil) (=officer) general mf

    good morning, General Croft — buenos días, General Croft

    3.
    CPD

    general anaesthetic, general anesthetic (US) N — anestesia f general

    general assembly N — asamblea f general

    general audit N — auditoría f general

    general cargo N — cargamento m mixto

    the General Confession N — (Church of England) la oración de confesión colectiva

    general costs NPL — gastos mpl generales

    general dealer N — (US) tienda f, almacén m (S. Cone)

    general delivery N — (US, Canada) lista f de correos

    general election N — elecciones fpl or comicios mpl generales

    general expenses NPL — gastos mpl generales

    general headquarters N — (Mil) cuartel msing general

    general holiday N — día m festivo

    general knowledge N — cultura f general

    general manager N — director(a) m / f general

    general medicine N — medicina f general

    general meeting N — asamblea f general

    General Officer Commanding N — (Mil) Comandante mf en Jefe

    general partnership N — (Jur) sociedad f regular colectiva

    General Post Office N — (Brit) (Govt) (formerly) Correos m ; (=main post office) oficina f de correos

    general practice N — (Brit) (Med) (=work) medicina f general; (=group) consultorio m médico

    general practitioner N — médico(-a) m / f de medicina general frm, médico(-a) m / f de cabecera

    the general public N — el público en general, el gran público

    general science N — (Scol) Ciencias fpl

    general science teacher N — profesor(a) m / f de Ciencias

    General Secretary N — Secretario(a) m / f General

    general staff N — estado m mayor (general)

    general store N — (US) tienda f, almacén m (S. Cone)

    general strike N — huelga f general

    General Studies NPL — (Brit) estudios m generales

    * * *

    I ['dʒenrəl]
    1)

    speaking in general terms, you are right — hablando en general or en líneas generales, tienes razón

    b) ( not specialized) < information> general; < laborer> no especializado
    2)
    a) ( applicable to all) general
    b) ( widespread) < tendency> generalizado
    3) ( usual) general

    as a general rule we don't allow it — por lo general or por regla general no lo permitimos

    4) ( chief) < manager> general

    General Assembly — Asamblea f General

    5) ( Med) < anesthetic> general

    II
    noun ( Mil) general mf

    English-spanish dictionary > general

  • 8 system

    n
    2) способ; метод
    •

    to deploy a system — размещать / разворачивать систему (напр. обороны)

    to formulate a system — разрабатывать / вырабатывать систему

    to merge one's monetary systems — объединять свои валютные системы

    to overhaul / to reform a country's political system — перестраивать политическую систему страны

    to set up a system — создавать / учреждать систему

    - abolition of the system
    - accounting system
    - administrative system
    - advanced system
    - advantages of the system
    - air-based system
    - aircraft telecommunications system
    - antagonistic systems
    - anti-ballistic missile system
    - anti-missile defense system
    - anti-missile space defense system
    - anti-satellite systems
    - ASAT systems
    - authoritative system
    - automated management systems
    - automated system
    - automatic control system
    - automatic data processing system
    - banking system
    - bipartisan system
    - biparty system
    - bonus system
    - break-up of the system
    - British entry into the European Monetary System
    - bureaucrat system
    - capitalist economic system
    - capitalist system
    - career development system
    - centrally planned system
    - clan system
    - classified national defense system
    - collapse of the system
    - collective security system
    - communal system
    - communications system
    - competitive price system
    - complex system
    - comprehensive system
    - compulsory purchase system
    - computer system
    - constitutional system
    - contract system
    - control system
    - conventional system
    - country programming system
    - credit and banking system
    - credit system
    - crisis of the system
    - cultural system
    - currently-operating system
    - decentralized system
    - defense system
    - deficiency of the system
    - delivery system
    - democratic political systems
    - deterrent system
    - different social systems
    - disintegration of the system
    - distribution system
    - dynamic international system
    - early warning system
    - ecological system
    - economic system
    - educational system
    - effective system
    - efficient system
    - election system
    - electoral system
    - electronic system
    - EMS
    - European Monetary System
    - exploitation system
    - exploiting system
    - fair system
    - family-planning system
    - federal grant system
    - finance and credit system
    - financial system
    - first-past-the-post voting system
    - forecasting system
    - formation of the system
    - free enterprise system
    - free market system
    - generalized system of preferences
    - global system
    - grid system
    - ground-based system
    - health care system
    - health system
    - historically established system
    - home security system
    - immunity system
    - industrial system
    - inequitable system
    - information system
    - INIS
    - institutional system
    - integrated system
    - intelligence system
    - International Nuclear Information System
    - international system
    - International Trusteeship System
    - irrigation system
    - job-by-job system of payment
    - judicial system
    - land tenure system
    - land-based antiballistic missile system
    - legal system
    - liberalization of the political system
    - life-support system
    - majority system
    - management system
    - managerial system
    - mandate system
    - mandatory system
    - market system
    - mayor-council system
    - merit system
    - metric system
    - missile and satellite detection system
    - missile delivery system
    - misuse of the judicial system for political purposes
    - monarchical system
    - monetary and credit system
    - monetary system
    - monitoring system
    - monopolistic system
    - motor-road and railway system
    - multifaceted system
    - multilateral payments system
    - multiparty system
    - mutually-acceptable system
    - national accounting and control system
    - national defense system
    - new arms systems
    - noncapitalist system
    - obsolete social system
    - old system
    - one-man-one-vote system
    - one-member-one-vote system
    - one-party system
    - opposing social systems
    - optimum system
    - outmoded system
    - overhaul of the tax system
    - parliamentary system
    - party system
    - payments system
    - pension system
    - people's democratic system
    - philosophical system
    - planning system
    - political system
    - post adjustment system
    - power system
    - preferential system
    - premium system
    - presidential system
    - price system
    - private enterprise system
    - program budgeting system
    - proportional representation system
    - public pension system
    - records system
    - regimented political system
    - remnants of the system
    - reports system
    - republican system
    - ruling system
    - safeguards system
    - satellite-tracking system
    - sea-based system
    - security system
    - social security system
    - social system
    - socio-economic system
    - socio-political system
    - space defense system
    - space weapons systems
    - space-based system
    - spoils system
    - stability system
    - stable system
    - state political system
    - state system
    - state-managed social security system
    - strategic nuclear-weapon systems
    - submarine-based system
    - supply system
    - system of collective security
    - system of exploitation
    - system of geographical distribution
    - system of government and public organizations     - taxation system
    - technologically advanced weapons systems
    - territorial system
    - training system
    - transition to a multiparty system
    - tribal system
    - trusteeship system
    - two-party system
    - united economic system
    - visa system
    - voting system
    - wage system
    - world system
    - world trading system

    Politics english-russian dictionary > system

  • 9 appointment

    сущ.
    1)
    а) упр. назначение (на должность, пост)

    by royal appointment — назначенный королем [королевой\] ( о поставщиках товаров или услуг)

    See:
    б) упр. создание, назначение (напр., комиссии)

    appointment of committee — учреждение [создание, назначение\] комитета

    2) упр. должность, пост, место, назначение

    to have [to hold\] an appointment as a professor [as an engineer\] — занимать должность профессора/ инженера

    There are currently two appointments vacant. — В данный момент есть две вакансии.

    3)
    а) общ. (установленная) встреча, свидание; договоренность о встрече

    to keep [break\] an appointment — прийти [не прийти\] на встречу

    to make [set up, book\] an appointment (with) — назначить встречу с кем-л., договориться о встрече с кем-л.

    б) общ. прием (напр., у врача)

    to have an appointment with the doctor — быть назначенным [записанным\] на прием к врачу

    If you break an appointment without giving 24-hour notice to your Dentist office, you may be charged for a broken appointment. — Если вы не придете на прием, не известив дантиста о своем намерении не прийти заранее (за 24 часа), вы можете быть оштрафованы за сорванный прием.

    See:
    4) мн., общ. обстановка, оборудование (дома, гостиницы и т. д.)

    All the appointments of the room are as they were left by the former occupant. — Вся обстановка в комнате сохранена в том виде, в котором была при бывшем жильце.

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > appointment

  • 10 CPC

    1) Общая лексика: КОП, Central Product Classification
    2) Компьютерная техника: Computer Policies Committee
    3) Авиация: cabin pressure controller
    10) Бухгалтерия: Customer Profit Contribution
    11) Ветеринария: Canadian Pork Council
    12) Грубое выражение: Cat Piss Cooler
    14) Политика: Communist Party Of Canada
    15) Радио: Constant Power Crossover
    16) Телекоммуникации: Calling Party Control, Crosstalk Prevention Coding
    20) Нефть: casing pressure closed, computer production control, computerized production control, автоматизированная нефтепромысловая система (computerized production control), давление в обсадной колонне при закрытом устье (casing pressure- closed), система автоматического контроля эксплуатации, Caspian Pipeline Construction
    24) Деловая лексика: Client Partner Competitor, Computer Press Control
    26) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: chemical protective clothing
    27) Образование: Continuing Professional Competency
    28) Таможенная деятельность: Customs Procedure Code
    29) Сетевые технологии: Computer Print Control
    31) Ядерная физика: Controlled Potential Coulometry
    32) Сахалин Р: Caspian Pipeline Consortium
    34) Химическое оружие: Commercial Protective Clothing
    36) Нефть и газ: ЦППН( Central Processing Centre) (Каражанбасмунай / пос.старый Жетыбай), КТК, Каспийский трубопроводный консорциум, condensate processing complex
    37) Военно-политический термин: Civil Protection Committee, Conflict Prevention Center
    38) Общественная организация: Casas Por Cristo, Center for Plant Conservation
    40) Правительство: Century Percent Club
    41) NYSE. Central Packaging Corporation
    42) Аэропорты: San Martin de Los An, NE, Argentina
    43) Программное обеспечение: Cache Poisoning Checker

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > CPC

  • 11 carry

    1. transitive verb
    1) (transport) tragen; (with emphasis on destination) bringen; [Strom:] spülen; [Verkehrsmittel:] befördern

    carry all before one — (fig.) nicht aufzuhalten sein

    2) (conduct) leiten

    carry something into effect — etwas in die Tat umsetzen

    3) (support) tragen; (contain) fassen
    4) (have with one)

    carry [with one] — bei sich haben od. tragen; tragen [Waffe, Kennzeichen]

    5) (possess) besitzen [Autorität, Gewicht]; see also academic.ru/15886/conviction">conviction 2)
    6) (hold)

    she carries herself well — sie hat eine gute Haltung

    7) (prolong)

    carry modesty/altruism etc. to excess — die Bescheidenheit/den Altruismus usw. bis zum Exzess treiben

    8) (Math.): (transfer) im Sinn behalten

    carry one — eins im Sinn

    9) (win) durchbringen [Antrag, Gesetzentwurf, Vorschlag]

    carry the day — den Sieg davontragen

    2. intransitive verb
    [Stimme, Laut:] zu hören sein
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    ['kæri]
    1) (to take from one place etc to another: She carried the child over the river; Flies carry disease.) tragen
    2) (to go from one place to another: Sound carries better over water.) reichen; übertragen
    3) (to support: These stone columns carry the weight of the whole building.) tragen
    4) (to have or hold: This job carries great responsibility.) mit sich bringen
    5) (to approve (a bill etc) by a majority of votes: The parliamentary bill was carried by forty-two votes.) durchsetzen
    6) (to hold (oneself) in a certain way: He carries himself like a soldier.) sich haben
    •

    ((slang) a fuss; excited behaviour.)

    ((of bags or cases) that passengers can carry with them on board a plane.)

    - carry-all
    - carry-cot
    - be/get carried away
    - carry forward
    - carry off
    - carry on
    - carry out
    - carry weight
    * * *
    car·ry
    <- ie->
    [ˈkæri, AM ˈkeri]
    I. vt
    1. (bear)
    ▪ to \carry sb/sth jdn/etw tragen
    to \carry sb piggyback jdn huckepack tragen
    ▪ to \carry sth around etw mit sich dat herumtragen
    2. (move)
    ▪ to \carry sb/sth somewhere jdn/etw irgendwohin tragen
    the wind carried the leaves up in the air der Wind wirbelte die Blätter hoch
    to be carried downstream/down the river flussabwärts treiben
    ▪ to \carry sb/sth jdn/etw transportieren [o befördern]
    the bus was \carrying our children to school der Bus brachte unsere Kinder zur Schule
    the truck was not \carrying a load der Lastwagen war nicht beladen
    the stranded ship was \carrying cargo das gestrandete Schiff hatte eine Ladung an Bord
    4. (sustain the weight of)
    ▪ to \carry sb/sth jdn/etw tragen
    I'm so tired my legs won't \carry me ich bin so müde, ich kann mich kaum mehr auf den Beinen halten
    5. (have with you)
    ▪ to \carry sth [with one] etw bei sich dat haben [o tragen]
    it's risky to \carry a knife/revolver [with you] es ist riskant, ein Messer/einen Revolver bei sich zu tragen
    she always carries a picture of her mother with her [in her wallet] sie hat immer ein Bild von ihrer Mutter [in ihrer Brieftasche] bei sich
    6. (retain)
    to \carry sth in one's head etw [im Kopf] behalten
    to \carry the memory of sth [with one] etw in Erinnerung behalten
    7. (have, incur)
    ▪ to \carry sth etw haben; (have printed on) etw tragen
    murder used to \carry the death penalty auf Mord stand früher die Todesstrafe
    all cigarette packets \carry a warning auf allen Zigarettenpäckchen steht eine Warnung
    to \carry conviction überzeugend sein
    his speech carried a lot of conviction seine Rede klang sehr überzeugt
    to \carry insurance versichert sein
    to \carry a penalty eine [Geld]strafe nach sich ziehen
    to \carry responsibility Verantwortung tragen
    her job carries a lot of responsibility ihre Stelle bringt viel Verantwortung mit sich, sie trägt in ihrem Job viel Verantwortung
    to \carry sail NAUT Segel gesetzt haben
    to \carry weight with sb (influence) Einfluss auf jdn haben; (impress) jdn beeindrucken
    ▪ to \carry sth etw enthalten
    9. MUS
    to \carry a tune eine Melodie halten [können]
    10. (transmit)
    ▪ to \carry sth etw übertragen
    to \carry electricity/oil/water Strom/Erdöl/Wasser leiten
    11. MED
    ▪ to \carry sth etw übertragen
    malaria is carried by mosquitoes Malaria wird von Stechmücken übertragen
    ▪ to \carry sb für jdn aufkommen
    ▪ to \carry sth etw tragen; (sustain)
    to \carry an animal through the winter ein Tier über den Winter bringen
    the company is currently being carried by its export sales die Firma wird im Moment durch ihre Exporte getragen
    we cannot afford to \carry people who don't work hard Leute, die nicht hart arbeiten, sind für uns nicht tragbar
    many animals store food in autumn to \carry them through the winter viele Tier sammeln im Herbst Futter um damit durch den Winter zu kommen
    13. (have a certain posture, conduct)
    ▪ to \carry oneself:
    you can tell she's a dancer from the way that she carries herself an ihrer Haltung erkennt man gleich, dass sie Tänzerin ist
    to \carry one's head high ( fig) den Kopf hoch tragen fig
    to \carry oneself well sich akk gut halten; (posture also) eine gute Haltung haben
    14. (sell) shop
    ▪ to \carry sth etw führen
    15. (win)
    ▪ to \carry sb jdn auf seine Seite ziehen
    ▪ to \carry sth:
    the president carried most of the southern states der Präsident gewann in den meisten südlichen Bundesstaaten die Wahl
    to \carry the day den Sieg davontragen
    the party's popular plans will surely \carry the day at the next election mit ihren populären Vorhaben wird die Partei die nächsten Wahlen bestimmt für sich entscheiden
    16. usu passive (approve)
    ▪ to \carry sth etw dat zustimmen
    his motion was carried unanimously/by 210 votes to 160 sein Antrag wurde einstimmig/mit 210 zu 160 Stimmen angenommen
    17. JOURN
    ▪ to \carry sth über etw akk berichten, etw bringen fam
    the newspapers all \carry the same story on their front page die Zeitungen warten alle mit der gleichen Titelstory auf
    18. (develop)
    to \carry sth too far mit etw dat zu weit gehen
    to \carry sb's ideas further jds Ideen weiterentwickeln
    ▪ to \carry sth to sth etw zu etw dat führen
    to \carry an argument to its [logical] conclusion ein Argument [bis zum Schluss] durchdenken
    to \carry sth to an end etw zu Ende führen
    to \carry sth to extremes [or its limits] etw bis zum Exzess treiben
    to \carry the joke too far den Spaß zu weit treiben
    19. MATH
    to \carry a number (on paper) eine Zahl übertragen; (in one's head) eine Zahl [im Sinn] behalten
    3, \carry 1 3, behalte 1 [o 1 im Sinn
    20. (be pregnant)
    to \carry a child ein Kind erwarten, schwanger sein
    when I was \carrying Rajiv als ich mit Rajiv schwanger war
    21. (submit)
    to \carry one's complaints to sb jdm seine Beschwerden vortragen
    22. FIN
    to \carry interest Zinsen abwerfen
    the bonds \carry interest at 10% die Wertpapiere werfen 10 % Zinsen ab
    23.
    ▶ to \carry all before one/it (be successful) vollen Erfolg haben; ( hum: have big breasts) viel Holz vor der Hütte haben hum
    ▶ to have to \carry the can BRIT ( fam) die Sache ausbaden müssen fam
    ▶ to \carry a torch for sb ( fam) jdn anhimmeln fam
    II. vi
    1. (be audible) zu hören sein
    the actors' voices carried right to the back die Darsteller waren bis in die letzte Reihe zu hören
    2. (fly) fliegen
    the ball carried high into the air der Ball flog hoch in die Luft
    III. n FIN Kreditkosten pl
    positive/negative \carry finanzieller Gewinn/Verlust
    * * *
    ['krɪ]
    1. vt
    1) load, person, object tragen; message (über)bringen
    2) (vehicle = convey) befördern; goods also transportieren

    a boat carrying missiles to Cuba —

    the wind carried the sound to him — der Wind trug die Laute zu ihm hin or an sein Ohr

    3) (= have on person) documents, money bei sich haben or führen (form); gun, sword tragen
    4) (fig)

    he carried his audience (along) with him — er riss das Publikum mit, er begeisterte das Publikum

    the loan carries 5% interest — das Darlehen wird mit 5% verzinst

    this job carries extra pay/a lot of responsibility — dieser Posten bringt eine höhere Bezahlung/viel Verantwortung mit sich

    the offence carries a penalty of £50 — auf dies Vergehen or darauf steht eine Geldstrafe von £ 50

    5) (bridge etc = support) tragen, stützen
    6) (COMM) goods, stock führen, (auf Lager) haben
    7) (TECH pipe) water, oil, electricity führen; (wire) sound (weiter)leiten, übertragen
    8) (= extend) führen, (ver)legen
    9) (= win) einnehmen, erobern

    to carry the day —

    to carry all before one ( hum woman ) —, woman ) viel Holz vor der Tür haben (inf)

    the motion was carried unanimously —

    10)

    he carries himself well/like a soldier — er hat eine gute/soldatische Haltung

    11) (PRESS) story, photo bringen
    12) (MED)

    people carrying the AIDS virus — Menschen, die das Aidsvirus in sich (dat) tragen

    13) (= be pregnant with) erwarten, schwanger gehen mit (geh)

    to be carrying a child — schwanger sein, ein Kind erwarten

    14) (MATH)

    ... and carry 2 —... übertrage or behalte 2,... und 2 im Sinn (inf)

    2. vi
    1) (voice, sound) tragen

    the sound of the alphorn carried for miles — der Klang des Alphorns war meilenweit zu hören

    2) (ball, arrow) fliegen
    * * *
    carry [ˈkærı]
    A s
    1. Trag-, Schussweite f
    2. Golf: Flugstrecke f (des Balls)
    3. US → portage A 3
    B v/t
    1. tragen:
    carry sth in one’s hand;
    he carried his jacket er trug seine Jacke (über dem Arm);
    she lost the baby she was carrying sie verlor das Kind, das sie unter dem Herzen trug;
    pillars carrying an arch bogentragende Pfeiler;
    carry one’s head high den Kopf hoch tragen;
    carry o.s. well
    a) sich gut halten,
    b) sich gut benehmen;
    carry a disease eine Krankheit weitertragen oder verbreiten;
    carry sails SCHIFF Segel führen;
    he knows how to carry his liquor er kann eine Menge (Alkohol) vertragen;
    he can’t carry his liquor er verträgt nichts;
    as fast as his legs could carry him so schnell ihn seine Beine trugen;
    a) auf der ganzen Linie siegen oder erfolgreich sein,
    b) hum viel Holz vor der Hütte (einen großen Busen) haben;
    they carry the British hopes sie tragen oder auf ihnen ruhen die britischen Hoffnungen
    2. fig tragen, (unter)stützen
    3. bringen, tragen, führen, schaffen, befördern:
    a taxi carried me to the station ein Taxi brachte mich zum Bahnhof;
    carry mail BAHN Post befördern;
    the pipes carry water die Rohre führen Wasser; → coal A 4
    4. eine Nachricht etc (über)bringen:
    he carried his complaint to the manager er trug seine Beschwerde dem Geschäftsführer vor
    5. mitführen, mit sich oder bei sich tragen:
    carry a watch eine Uhr tragen oder haben;
    carry sth in one’s head fig etwas im Kopf haben oder behalten;
    carry sth with one fig etwas im Geiste mit sich herumtragen
    6. fig (an sich oder zum Inhalt) haben:
    carry conviction überzeugen(d sein oder klingen);
    carry a moral eine Moral (zum Inhalt) haben;
    carry no risk mit keinem Risiko verbunden sein;
    carry (a lot of) weight ( oder authority) Gewicht oder Bedeutung haben, viel gelten ( with bei);
    this does not carry any weight with him das beeindruckt ihn nicht im Mindesten
    7. fig nach sich ziehen, zur Folge haben:
    treason carries the death penalty auf Hochverrat steht die Todesstrafe;
    carry consequences Folgen haben
    8. weiterführen, (hindurch-, hinauf- etc)führen, eine Hecke, Mauer, etc ziehen:
    carry the chimney through the roof den Schornstein durch das Dach führen
    9. fig fortreißen, überwältigen:
    carry the audience with one die Zuhörer mitreißen;
    carry sb to victory SPORT jemanden zum Sieg treiben
    10. fig treiben:
    carry sth too far ( oder to excess) etwas übertreiben oder zu weit treiben;
    carry it with a high hand gebieterisch auftreten
    11. fig
    a) erreichen, durchsetzen:
    carry sth into effect etwas verwirklichen oder ausführen; → point A 22
    b) PARL einen Antrag etc durchbringen:
    carry a motion unanimously einen Antrag einstimmig annehmen;
    the motion was carried der Antrag ging durch
    12. fig
    a) einen Preis etc erlangen, erringen, gewinnen
    b) siegreich oder erfolgreich aus einer Wahl etc hervorgehen; → day Bes Redew
    c) MIL eine Festung etc (ein)nehmen, erobern
    13. Früchte etc tragen, hervorbringen
    14. Mineralien etc führen, enthalten
    15. tragen, unterhalten, ernähren:
    16. einen Bericht etc bringen:
    the press carried the statement without comment die Presse brachte oder veröffentlichte die Erklärung kommentarlos
    17. WIRTSCH
    a) eine Ware führen
    b) eine Schuld etc in den Büchern führen
    c) Zinsen tragen: → interest A 11
    d) eine Versicherung etc zahlen:
    carry insurance versichert sein
    18. JAGD die Spur festhalten (Hund)
    19. MUS einen Ton, eine Melodie tragen
    C v/i
    1. tragen ( auch MUS Ton, Stimme)
    2. den Kopf gut etc halten (Pferd):
    3. tragen, reichen (Stimme, Schusswaffe etc):
    his voice carries far seine Stimme trägt weit
    4. sich gut etc tragen lassen
    5. fliegen (Ball etc)
    6. besonders US Anklang finden, einschlagen umg (Kunstwerk etc)
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1) (transport) tragen; (with emphasis on destination) bringen; [Strom:] spülen; [Verkehrsmittel:] befördern

    carry all before one — (fig.) nicht aufzuhalten sein

    2) (conduct) leiten
    3) (support) tragen; (contain) fassen

    carry [with one] — bei sich haben od. tragen; tragen [Waffe, Kennzeichen]

    5) (possess) besitzen [Autorität, Gewicht]; see also conviction 2)

    carry modesty/altruism etc. to excess — die Bescheidenheit/den Altruismus usw. bis zum Exzess treiben

    8) (Math.): (transfer) im Sinn behalten
    9) (win) durchbringen [Antrag, Gesetzentwurf, Vorschlag]
    2. intransitive verb
    [Stimme, Laut:] zu hören sein
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    v.
    befördern v.
    tragen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: trug, getragen)
    übertragen v.

    English-german dictionary > carry

  • 12 ejercer

    v.
    1 to practice.
    ejerce la medicina he's in practice as a doctor
    estudió enfermería, pero no ejerce she studied as a nurse, but is not working in the profession
    ejercer de to practice o work as
    ejerce como abogada she practices as a lawyer, she's a practicing lawyer
    ejerce mucho de jefe he acts like he's the boss
    2 to exercise (poder, derecho).
    ejercer presión sobre to put pressure on
    ejercer influencia (en) to have an effect o influence (on)
    Ella ejerció su derecho She exercised her right.
    3 to exert, to exercise, to apply.
    4 to be exerted upon.
    Se me ejerció presión Pressure was exerted upon me.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ MECER], like link=mecer mecer
    1 (profesión etc) to practise (US practice), be in practice as
    2 (usar) to exercise; (influencia) to exert
    1 to practise (US practice), work
    \
    ejercer el derecho de to exercise one's right to
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ medicina, abogacía] to practise, practice (EEUU)

    es abogado pero no ejerce su profesión — he's a lawyer by training, but he doesn't practise

    2) (=hacer efectivo) [+ influencia] to exert, exercise; [+ poder] to exercise, wield

    ejerce mucha influencia sobre sus hermanos — he exerts o has a great deal of influence on his brothers

    3) [+ derecho] to exercise
    2.
    VI [profesional] to practise, practice (EEUU) (de as)

    es médico, pero ya no ejerce — he's a doctor, but he no longer practises

    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < profesión> to practice* exercise (frml)

    ejercer la medicina/abogacía — to practice medicine/law

    b) < derecho> to exercise
    2) <influencia/poder/presión> to exert
    2.
    ejercer vi abogado/médico to practice*
    * * *
    = exercise, leverage, act.
    Ex. In reading crazes a child is exercising at the very least his ability to read; his reading muscles are limbered = En las períodos en los que a un niño se ensimisma por la lectura éste al menos pone en práctica su habilidad lectora, ejercitando los músculos físicos y mentales implicados en la lectura.
    Ex. Information seeking in electronic environments will become a collaboration among end user and various electronic systems such that users leverage their heuristic power and machines leverage algorithmic power.
    Ex. AACR2 defines a corporate body thus: 'a corporate body is an organisation or group of persons that is identified by a particular name and that acts, or may act, as an entity'.
    ----
    * acción de ejercer presión = lobbying.
    * ejercer autoridad = exercise + power.
    * ejercer autoridad de un modo excesivo = push + authority.
    * ejercer control = exert + control, wield + control.
    * ejercer control sobre = exercise + control over, have + hold on.
    * ejercer de = serve as.
    * ejercer de juez = officiate.
    * ejercer demasiado presión sobre Algo = stretch + Nombre + to breaking point.
    * ejercer influencia = exert + influence, wield + influence, deliver + clout.
    * ejercer influencia (sobre) = come to + bear influence (on).
    * ejercer poder = wield + power, exercise + power.
    * ejercer presión = build + pressure, lobby, exert + leverage.
    * ejercer presión para conseguir Algo = push for.
    * ejercer presión sobre = put + pressure on, bear down on.
    * ejercer presión sobre Alguien = bring to + bear + pressure on.
    * ejercer una gran influencia en = play + a strong hand in.
    * ejercer una profesión = practise + profession.
    * ejercer un derecho = exercise + right.
    * ejercer un oficio = ply + Posesivo + trade.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < profesión> to practice* exercise (frml)

    ejercer la medicina/abogacía — to practice medicine/law

    b) < derecho> to exercise
    2) <influencia/poder/presión> to exert
    2.
    ejercer vi abogado/médico to practice*
    * * *
    = exercise, leverage, act.

    Ex: In reading crazes a child is exercising at the very least his ability to read; his reading muscles are limbered = En las períodos en los que a un niño se ensimisma por la lectura éste al menos pone en práctica su habilidad lectora, ejercitando los músculos físicos y mentales implicados en la lectura.

    Ex: Information seeking in electronic environments will become a collaboration among end user and various electronic systems such that users leverage their heuristic power and machines leverage algorithmic power.
    Ex: AACR2 defines a corporate body thus: 'a corporate body is an organisation or group of persons that is identified by a particular name and that acts, or may act, as an entity'.
    * acción de ejercer presión = lobbying.
    * ejercer autoridad = exercise + power.
    * ejercer autoridad de un modo excesivo = push + authority.
    * ejercer control = exert + control, wield + control.
    * ejercer control sobre = exercise + control over, have + hold on.
    * ejercer de = serve as.
    * ejercer de juez = officiate.
    * ejercer demasiado presión sobre Algo = stretch + Nombre + to breaking point.
    * ejercer influencia = exert + influence, wield + influence, deliver + clout.
    * ejercer influencia (sobre) = come to + bear influence (on).
    * ejercer poder = wield + power, exercise + power.
    * ejercer presión = build + pressure, lobby, exert + leverage.
    * ejercer presión para conseguir Algo = push for.
    * ejercer presión sobre = put + pressure on, bear down on.
    * ejercer presión sobre Alguien = bring to + bear + pressure on.
    * ejercer una gran influencia en = play + a strong hand in.
    * ejercer una profesión = practise + profession.
    * ejercer un derecho = exercise + right.
    * ejercer un oficio = ply + Posesivo + trade.

    * * *
    ejercer [E2 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹profesión› to practice*, work in, exercise ( frml)
    ejerció la docencia durante veinte años she was in the teaching profession o she was a teacher o she taught for twenty years
    no puede ejercer la medicina/abogacía en este país she cannot practice medicine/law in this country
    actualmente no ejerce ninguna actividad política she is not currently engaged in any political activity
    ejerció la cátedra de latín he held o occupied the chair of Latin
    2 ‹derecho› to exercise
    ejercer el derecho al voto to exercise one's right to vote
    B ‹influencia/presión› to exert
    la televisión ejerce un poder enorme sobre la juventud television has o exerts enormous influence on young people
    el mar ejerce un poderoso atractivo sobre él the sea holds o has a great attraction for him
    ■ ejercer
    vi
    «abogado/médico» to practice*
    es maestra pero no ejerce she's a teacher but she doesn't practice her profession
    ejercer DE or COMO algo:
    ejerce de abogado he is a practicing lawyer, he practices law
    ejerció como mediador en el conflicto he acted as mediator in the conflict
    * * *

     

    ejercer ( conjugate ejercer) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹ profesión› to practice( conjugate practice);



    2 ‹influencia/poder/presión› to exert
    verbo intransitivo [abogado/médico] to practice( conjugate practice);

    ejercer
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (un oficio, una profesión) to practise: ejerce la medicina, she practises medicine
    2 (una influencia, acción) to exert: ejerces demasiada presión, you exert too much pressure
    3 (un derecho) ejerceremos nuestro derecho al voto, we'll exercise our right to vote
    II verbo intransitivo to practise [de, as]

    ' ejercer' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    destinar
    - ejercitar
    - abogacía
    - practicar
    English:
    exercise
    - exert
    - lobby
    - ply
    - practice
    - practise
    - pressure
    - pursue
    - solicit
    - wield
    - bring
    - certify
    - licensed
    - qualify
    - strain
    - sway
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [profesión] to practise;
    [cargo] to hold;
    ejerce la medicina he's in practice as a doctor;
    no tiene permiso para ejercer su profesión she is not authorized to practise her profession;
    ejerció la presidencia de la empresa durante años he was Br chairman o US president of the company for years;
    no es capaz de ejercer las funciones de ministro she's not up to the demands of a ministerial post;
    ¿qué actividad ejerce usted? what is your occupation?
    2. [poder, derecho] to exercise;
    ejercer el derecho al voto to exercise one's right to vote
    3. [influencia, dominio] to exert;
    ejercer presión sobre to put pressure on;
    ejercer influencia (en o [m5] sobre) to have an effect o influence (on);
    ejercen una enorme atracción sobre los adolescentes they hold a tremendous attraction for teenagers
    4. Bolsa [opción] to exercise
    ♦ vi
    to practise (one's profession);
    estudió enfermería, pero no ejerce she studied as a nurse, but is not working in the profession;
    ejercer de o [m5] como to practise o work as;
    ejerce como abogada she practises as a lawyer, she's a practising lawyer;
    ejercía de juez y alcalde a la vez he held the office of judge and mayor at the same time;
    ejerce mucho de jefe he acts like he's the boss
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 cargo practice, Br
    practise
    2 influencia exert
    II v/i de profesional practice, Br
    practise;
    ejerce de médico he’s a practicing doctor
    * * *
    ejercer {86} vi
    ejercer de : to practice as, to work as
    1) : to practice
    2) : exercise (a right)
    3) : to exert
    * * *
    1. (profesión) to practise
    ejerce la medicina he practises medicine / he's a doctor
    2. (influencia) to have

    Spanish-English dictionary > ejercer

  • 13 Poste, la

       The French post office and mail delivery service. A nationalised service, today's La Poste was known, until recently, as les PTT, Poste, Télégraphe et Télécommunications; the PTT was divided up into its two principal constituents, the postal service and telecommunications, in order to prepare France Telecom for partial privatisation. La Poste benefits from a national monopoly in delivery of letters, but has become increasingly subject to competition from specialised companies for the delivery of parcels, and is currently (2008) on the verge of transformation into a private company (S.A.). La Poste also runs a banking service, known as the Banque Postale (formerly the CCP).

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Poste, la

  • 14 laissez-faire

    •• liberal, liberalism, laissez-faire

    •• Liberal 1. giving generously. 2. ample, given in large amounts. 3. not strict or literal. 4. (of education) broadening the mind n a general way, not only training it in technical subjects. 5. tolerant, open-minded, especially in religion and politics. 6. favoring democratic reform and individual liberties, moderately progressive (Oxford American Dictionary).
    •• Понятие либерализм по-разному трактуется в Европе и Америке, что отражает различия в интеллектуальной и политической традиции двух континентов. Для нас дополнительная трудность возникает потому, что до недавнего времени это слово у нас толковалось излишне идеологизированно, что сказывалось даже в описании обиходного значения этого слова. См., например, словарь С.И.Ожегова 1985 года издания: Либерализм 1. Буржуазное идеологическое и политическое течение, объединяющее сторонников парламентского строя и ограниченных буржуазно-демократических свобод. 2. Излишняя терпимость, снисходительность, вредное попустительство. Под стать определению и примеры: гнилой либерализм, либерализм в оценке знаний.
    •• Надо сказать, что идеологизированность характерна для употребления этого слова и в последнее время – как «у нас», так и «у них», что очень затрудняет задачу переводчика. Попробуем разобраться.
    •• Во-первых, у слова liberal есть значения, не имеющие прямого отношения к политике и экономике. Основные синонимы этого слова в обиходных значениях: generous, open-minded, tolerant; lavish, abundant. The life of such a person as myself inevitably had a liberal quota of personal failures (George Kennan). Перевод не представляет большого труда, если вовремя распознать «ложного друга»: В жизни такого человека, как я, неизбежно встречались – причем нередко – личные неудачи. Liberal education - это, по определению Оксфордского словаря, education fit for a gentleman (по-русски я бы сказал хорошее общее образование с гуманитарным уклоном). В США немало liberal arts colleges. Хотя liberal arts – гуманитарные предметы, эти колледжи можно назвать общеобразовательными.
    •• В политике (возьмем определение из The Pocket Oxford Dictionary как самое сжатое) liberal означает в Европе advocating moderate democratic reforms (по сути не так уж далеко от ожеговского определения!). В некоторых словарях помимо этих слов синонимом liberal дается слово progressive.
    •• Несколько иной оттенок имеет в Европе слово liberal в применении к экономике. Здесь синонимом liberal будет скорее unregulated или deregulated. Economic liberal - сторонник минимального вмешательства государства в экономику. Liberal economics, liberal economic reforms – это близко к тому, что в Англии называют словом thatcherism. Экономическая политика Маргарет Тэтчер – это приватизация, ограничение государственных социальных программ и экономического регулирования. В последнее время и у нас говорят о либеральных экономических реформах примерно в этом значении (правда, пока с другими результатами).
    •• Характерно для европейского употребления слов liberal, liberalism: здесь нет никакой оценочности – ни положительной, ни отрицательной. В Америке получилось иначе.
    •• Как пишет в своем Political Dictionary ярый противник либерализма в его современном американском понимании Уильям Сэфайр, liberal [is] currently one who believes in more government action to meet individual needs; originally one who resisted government encroachment on individual liberties (кстати, обратим внимание, что слово government (см. статью government, governance) употребляется здесь в значении государство, государственная власть). В ХХ веке американские либералы делали упор на решение таких проблем, как гражданские права негров, борьба с бедностью, регулирование экономических процессов с целью избежать кризисов типа «великой депрессии» 1930-х годов. Инструментом для их решения были различные государственные программы, что противоречило традиционной либеральной политико-экономической доктрине (emphasis on the full development of the individual, free from the restraints of government). Но в 1980-е годы американский liberalism вышел из моды, более того – само это слово стало сейчас чуть ли не бранным в американском политическом лексиконе. Поэтому американские авторы, как правило, уточняют, о каком либерализме идет речь. Пример из статьи американского журналиста Р. Дейла в International Herald Tribune: In the 19th century... France chose the path of protectionism and state intervention, while its Anglo-Saxon rivals opted for economic liberalism and free trade.
    •• Переводчик должен быть крайне осторожен, особенно переводя с русского. Ведь если русский экономист говорит либерализм не решает всех экономических проблем, американцы, возможно, ему поаплодируют, но правильно ли они его поймут? В данном случае либерализм надо перевести liberal economics, а еще лучше laissez-faire economics. Подтверждающий пример из газеты Washington Post: Yeltsin suggested that the era of laissez-faire capitalism, a battering ram in ending Communist rule, was at an end.
    •• Трудно сказать, что произойдет со словом liberal в будущем, но сегодня в Америке the L-word имеет такую политическую окраску, что от него буквально шарахаются. Interpreter (translator), beware!
    •• * Cтатья в газете Le Monde cодержит интересную попытку выйти из положения, возникающего в связи с разным пониманием слов liberal, liberalism в американской и европейской традициях. Цитирую с середины предложения:
    •• ...liberalism, au sens américain qui désigne la gauche modéré, expression que nous avons adoptéé pour traduire le terme “ liberal” dans cette article.
    •• То есть в данной статье американское liberal трактуется и переводится как умеренно левые (просматривается даже ассоциация с социал-демократией). На мой взгляд, правильно, хотя не уверен, что этот перевод легко утвердится в журналистике. Все-таки очень велика «гравитационная сила» интернационального слова либерал. Вот и в этой статье проскочило: des libéraux en sens américain du terme, т.е. либералы в американском понимании этого слова.
    •• Заодно замечу, что содержащееся в «Моем несистематическом словаре» критическое замечание в адрес словаря Ожегова («до недавнего времени это слово трактовалось у нас излишне идеологизированно, что сказывалось даже в описании обиходного значения этого слова») нуждается в некоторой корректировке.
    •• Недавно группа известных лингвистов на пресс-конференции, посвященной критике издания словаря Ожегова под редакцией Скворцова, тоже «лягнула» это определение (заодно это сделал ведущий новостей телеканала «Культура» А. Флярковский, не особенно, по-моему, вникнув в суть). Но если подумать, то это «обиходное значение» – излишняя терпимость, снисходительность, вредное попустительство – действительно закрепилось в обыденном сознании говорящих на русском языке. Если гнилой либерализм сейчас говорят в основном иронически, то слово либеральничать употребляется очень часто в значении именно излишней терпимости. И, пожалуй, американская трактовка либерализма основана на этом значении – речь идет о терпимом (для правых – излишне терпимом, т.е. вредном попустительстве) отношении к общественным явлениям, противоречащим традиционным представлениям.
    •• Казалось, что у нас в стране в политическом и экономическом лексиконе слово либерализм закрепилось скорее в европейской трактовке. Но это все-таки не совсем так. Ведь если Pocket Oxford Dictionary определяет liberal как advocating moderate economic reforms, то наши либералы, например экономисты-последователи Гайдара, партия «Либеральная Россия» («либерал-демократы» Жириновского, конечно, не в счет), выступают за радикальное переустройство экономики, максимальное ограничение роли государства и т.д. Так что путаница сохраняется и даже усиливается. В связи с этим не так уж плохо выглядит предложение о том, чтобы переводчик мог, объяснив с самого начала, что речь идет об американском понимании либерализма, дальше для простоты так и говорить – либерализм, либералы (на письме можно в кавычках).
    •• Интересный пример на первый взгляд неточного, но в общем понятного употребления русского слова либеральный – в интервью В. Путина американским СМИ:
    •• В отличие от очень многих участников этого процесса наш подход является достаточно либеральным. Мы теоретически не исключаем более активного участия России в восстановлении Ирака, в том числе и участия наших военных в процессе нормализации ситуации. Для нас не важно, кто будет возглавлять эту операцию. Это могут быть и американские военные.
    •• Смысл слова либеральный здесь несколько туманен и по-настоящему раскрывается только в свете последующих предложений. Но если русское слово все-таки «борозды не портит», то английское liberal – особенно для американского получателя – будет просто непонятным. Можно сказать flexible, но еще лучше – open-minded.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > laissez-faire

  • 15 liberal

    •• liberal, liberalism, laissez-faire

    •• Liberal 1. giving generously. 2. ample, given in large amounts. 3. not strict or literal. 4. (of education) broadening the mind n a general way, not only training it in technical subjects. 5. tolerant, open-minded, especially in religion and politics. 6. favoring democratic reform and individual liberties, moderately progressive (Oxford American Dictionary).
    •• Понятие либерализм по-разному трактуется в Европе и Америке, что отражает различия в интеллектуальной и политической традиции двух континентов. Для нас дополнительная трудность возникает потому, что до недавнего времени это слово у нас толковалось излишне идеологизированно, что сказывалось даже в описании обиходного значения этого слова. См., например, словарь С.И.Ожегова 1985 года издания: Либерализм 1. Буржуазное идеологическое и политическое течение, объединяющее сторонников парламентского строя и ограниченных буржуазно-демократических свобод. 2. Излишняя терпимость, снисходительность, вредное попустительство. Под стать определению и примеры: гнилой либерализм, либерализм в оценке знаний.
    •• Надо сказать, что идеологизированность характерна для употребления этого слова и в последнее время – как «у нас», так и «у них», что очень затрудняет задачу переводчика. Попробуем разобраться.
    •• Во-первых, у слова liberal есть значения, не имеющие прямого отношения к политике и экономике. Основные синонимы этого слова в обиходных значениях: generous, open-minded, tolerant; lavish, abundant. The life of such a person as myself inevitably had a liberal quota of personal failures (George Kennan). Перевод не представляет большого труда, если вовремя распознать «ложного друга»: В жизни такого человека, как я, неизбежно встречались – причем нередко – личные неудачи. Liberal education - это, по определению Оксфордского словаря, education fit for a gentleman (по-русски я бы сказал хорошее общее образование с гуманитарным уклоном). В США немало liberal arts colleges. Хотя liberal arts – гуманитарные предметы, эти колледжи можно назвать общеобразовательными.
    •• В политике (возьмем определение из The Pocket Oxford Dictionary как самое сжатое) liberal означает в Европе advocating moderate democratic reforms (по сути не так уж далеко от ожеговского определения!). В некоторых словарях помимо этих слов синонимом liberal дается слово progressive.
    •• Несколько иной оттенок имеет в Европе слово liberal в применении к экономике. Здесь синонимом liberal будет скорее unregulated или deregulated. Economic liberal - сторонник минимального вмешательства государства в экономику. Liberal economics, liberal economic reforms – это близко к тому, что в Англии называют словом thatcherism. Экономическая политика Маргарет Тэтчер – это приватизация, ограничение государственных социальных программ и экономического регулирования. В последнее время и у нас говорят о либеральных экономических реформах примерно в этом значении (правда, пока с другими результатами).
    •• Характерно для европейского употребления слов liberal, liberalism: здесь нет никакой оценочности – ни положительной, ни отрицательной. В Америке получилось иначе.
    •• Как пишет в своем Political Dictionary ярый противник либерализма в его современном американском понимании Уильям Сэфайр, liberal [is] currently one who believes in more government action to meet individual needs; originally one who resisted government encroachment on individual liberties (кстати, обратим внимание, что слово government (см. статью government, governance) употребляется здесь в значении государство, государственная власть). В ХХ веке американские либералы делали упор на решение таких проблем, как гражданские права негров, борьба с бедностью, регулирование экономических процессов с целью избежать кризисов типа «великой депрессии» 1930-х годов. Инструментом для их решения были различные государственные программы, что противоречило традиционной либеральной политико-экономической доктрине (emphasis on the full development of the individual, free from the restraints of government). Но в 1980-е годы американский liberalism вышел из моды, более того – само это слово стало сейчас чуть ли не бранным в американском политическом лексиконе. Поэтому американские авторы, как правило, уточняют, о каком либерализме идет речь. Пример из статьи американского журналиста Р. Дейла в International Herald Tribune: In the 19th century... France chose the path of protectionism and state intervention, while its Anglo-Saxon rivals opted for economic liberalism and free trade.
    •• Переводчик должен быть крайне осторожен, особенно переводя с русского. Ведь если русский экономист говорит либерализм не решает всех экономических проблем, американцы, возможно, ему поаплодируют, но правильно ли они его поймут? В данном случае либерализм надо перевести liberal economics, а еще лучше laissez-faire economics. Подтверждающий пример из газеты Washington Post: Yeltsin suggested that the era of laissez-faire capitalism, a battering ram in ending Communist rule, was at an end.
    •• Трудно сказать, что произойдет со словом liberal в будущем, но сегодня в Америке the L-word имеет такую политическую окраску, что от него буквально шарахаются. Interpreter (translator), beware!
    •• * Cтатья в газете Le Monde cодержит интересную попытку выйти из положения, возникающего в связи с разным пониманием слов liberal, liberalism в американской и европейской традициях. Цитирую с середины предложения:
    •• ...liberalism, au sens américain qui désigne la gauche modéré, expression que nous avons adoptéé pour traduire le terme “ liberal” dans cette article.
    •• То есть в данной статье американское liberal трактуется и переводится как умеренно левые (просматривается даже ассоциация с социал-демократией). На мой взгляд, правильно, хотя не уверен, что этот перевод легко утвердится в журналистике. Все-таки очень велика «гравитационная сила» интернационального слова либерал. Вот и в этой статье проскочило: des libéraux en sens américain du terme, т.е. либералы в американском понимании этого слова.
    •• Заодно замечу, что содержащееся в «Моем несистематическом словаре» критическое замечание в адрес словаря Ожегова («до недавнего времени это слово трактовалось у нас излишне идеологизированно, что сказывалось даже в описании обиходного значения этого слова») нуждается в некоторой корректировке.
    •• Недавно группа известных лингвистов на пресс-конференции, посвященной критике издания словаря Ожегова под редакцией Скворцова, тоже «лягнула» это определение (заодно это сделал ведущий новостей телеканала «Культура» А. Флярковский, не особенно, по-моему, вникнув в суть). Но если подумать, то это «обиходное значение» – излишняя терпимость, снисходительность, вредное попустительство – действительно закрепилось в обыденном сознании говорящих на русском языке. Если гнилой либерализм сейчас говорят в основном иронически, то слово либеральничать употребляется очень часто в значении именно излишней терпимости. И, пожалуй, американская трактовка либерализма основана на этом значении – речь идет о терпимом (для правых – излишне терпимом, т.е. вредном попустительстве) отношении к общественным явлениям, противоречащим традиционным представлениям.
    •• Казалось, что у нас в стране в политическом и экономическом лексиконе слово либерализм закрепилось скорее в европейской трактовке. Но это все-таки не совсем так. Ведь если Pocket Oxford Dictionary определяет liberal как advocating moderate economic reforms, то наши либералы, например экономисты-последователи Гайдара, партия «Либеральная Россия» («либерал-демократы» Жириновского, конечно, не в счет), выступают за радикальное переустройство экономики, максимальное ограничение роли государства и т.д. Так что путаница сохраняется и даже усиливается. В связи с этим не так уж плохо выглядит предложение о том, чтобы переводчик мог, объяснив с самого начала, что речь идет об американском понимании либерализма, дальше для простоты так и говорить – либерализм, либералы (на письме можно в кавычках).
    •• Интересный пример на первый взгляд неточного, но в общем понятного употребления русского слова либеральный – в интервью В. Путина американским СМИ:
    •• В отличие от очень многих участников этого процесса наш подход является достаточно либеральным. Мы теоретически не исключаем более активного участия России в восстановлении Ирака, в том числе и участия наших военных в процессе нормализации ситуации. Для нас не важно, кто будет возглавлять эту операцию. Это могут быть и американские военные.
    •• Смысл слова либеральный здесь несколько туманен и по-настоящему раскрывается только в свете последующих предложений. Но если русское слово все-таки «борозды не портит», то английское liberal – особенно для американского получателя – будет просто непонятным. Можно сказать flexible, но еще лучше – open-minded.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > liberal

  • 16 liberalism

    •• liberal, liberalism, laissez-faire

    •• Liberal 1. giving generously. 2. ample, given in large amounts. 3. not strict or literal. 4. (of education) broadening the mind n a general way, not only training it in technical subjects. 5. tolerant, open-minded, especially in religion and politics. 6. favoring democratic reform and individual liberties, moderately progressive (Oxford American Dictionary).
    •• Понятие либерализм по-разному трактуется в Европе и Америке, что отражает различия в интеллектуальной и политической традиции двух континентов. Для нас дополнительная трудность возникает потому, что до недавнего времени это слово у нас толковалось излишне идеологизированно, что сказывалось даже в описании обиходного значения этого слова. См., например, словарь С.И.Ожегова 1985 года издания: Либерализм 1. Буржуазное идеологическое и политическое течение, объединяющее сторонников парламентского строя и ограниченных буржуазно-демократических свобод. 2. Излишняя терпимость, снисходительность, вредное попустительство. Под стать определению и примеры: гнилой либерализм, либерализм в оценке знаний.
    •• Надо сказать, что идеологизированность характерна для употребления этого слова и в последнее время – как «у нас», так и «у них», что очень затрудняет задачу переводчика. Попробуем разобраться.
    •• Во-первых, у слова liberal есть значения, не имеющие прямого отношения к политике и экономике. Основные синонимы этого слова в обиходных значениях: generous, open-minded, tolerant; lavish, abundant. The life of such a person as myself inevitably had a liberal quota of personal failures (George Kennan). Перевод не представляет большого труда, если вовремя распознать «ложного друга»: В жизни такого человека, как я, неизбежно встречались – причем нередко – личные неудачи. Liberal education - это, по определению Оксфордского словаря, education fit for a gentleman (по-русски я бы сказал хорошее общее образование с гуманитарным уклоном). В США немало liberal arts colleges. Хотя liberal arts – гуманитарные предметы, эти колледжи можно назвать общеобразовательными.
    •• В политике (возьмем определение из The Pocket Oxford Dictionary как самое сжатое) liberal означает в Европе advocating moderate democratic reforms (по сути не так уж далеко от ожеговского определения!). В некоторых словарях помимо этих слов синонимом liberal дается слово progressive.
    •• Несколько иной оттенок имеет в Европе слово liberal в применении к экономике. Здесь синонимом liberal будет скорее unregulated или deregulated. Economic liberal - сторонник минимального вмешательства государства в экономику. Liberal economics, liberal economic reforms – это близко к тому, что в Англии называют словом thatcherism. Экономическая политика Маргарет Тэтчер – это приватизация, ограничение государственных социальных программ и экономического регулирования. В последнее время и у нас говорят о либеральных экономических реформах примерно в этом значении (правда, пока с другими результатами).
    •• Характерно для европейского употребления слов liberal, liberalism: здесь нет никакой оценочности – ни положительной, ни отрицательной. В Америке получилось иначе.
    •• Как пишет в своем Political Dictionary ярый противник либерализма в его современном американском понимании Уильям Сэфайр, liberal [is] currently one who believes in more government action to meet individual needs; originally one who resisted government encroachment on individual liberties (кстати, обратим внимание, что слово government (см. статью government, governance) употребляется здесь в значении государство, государственная власть). В ХХ веке американские либералы делали упор на решение таких проблем, как гражданские права негров, борьба с бедностью, регулирование экономических процессов с целью избежать кризисов типа «великой депрессии» 1930-х годов. Инструментом для их решения были различные государственные программы, что противоречило традиционной либеральной политико-экономической доктрине (emphasis on the full development of the individual, free from the restraints of government). Но в 1980-е годы американский liberalism вышел из моды, более того – само это слово стало сейчас чуть ли не бранным в американском политическом лексиконе. Поэтому американские авторы, как правило, уточняют, о каком либерализме идет речь. Пример из статьи американского журналиста Р. Дейла в International Herald Tribune: In the 19th century... France chose the path of protectionism and state intervention, while its Anglo-Saxon rivals opted for economic liberalism and free trade.
    •• Переводчик должен быть крайне осторожен, особенно переводя с русского. Ведь если русский экономист говорит либерализм не решает всех экономических проблем, американцы, возможно, ему поаплодируют, но правильно ли они его поймут? В данном случае либерализм надо перевести liberal economics, а еще лучше laissez-faire economics. Подтверждающий пример из газеты Washington Post: Yeltsin suggested that the era of laissez-faire capitalism, a battering ram in ending Communist rule, was at an end.
    •• Трудно сказать, что произойдет со словом liberal в будущем, но сегодня в Америке the L-word имеет такую политическую окраску, что от него буквально шарахаются. Interpreter (translator), beware!
    •• * Cтатья в газете Le Monde cодержит интересную попытку выйти из положения, возникающего в связи с разным пониманием слов liberal, liberalism в американской и европейской традициях. Цитирую с середины предложения:
    •• ...liberalism, au sens américain qui désigne la gauche modéré, expression que nous avons adoptéé pour traduire le terme “ liberal” dans cette article.
    •• То есть в данной статье американское liberal трактуется и переводится как умеренно левые (просматривается даже ассоциация с социал-демократией). На мой взгляд, правильно, хотя не уверен, что этот перевод легко утвердится в журналистике. Все-таки очень велика «гравитационная сила» интернационального слова либерал. Вот и в этой статье проскочило: des libéraux en sens américain du terme, т.е. либералы в американском понимании этого слова.
    •• Заодно замечу, что содержащееся в «Моем несистематическом словаре» критическое замечание в адрес словаря Ожегова («до недавнего времени это слово трактовалось у нас излишне идеологизированно, что сказывалось даже в описании обиходного значения этого слова») нуждается в некоторой корректировке.
    •• Недавно группа известных лингвистов на пресс-конференции, посвященной критике издания словаря Ожегова под редакцией Скворцова, тоже «лягнула» это определение (заодно это сделал ведущий новостей телеканала «Культура» А. Флярковский, не особенно, по-моему, вникнув в суть). Но если подумать, то это «обиходное значение» – излишняя терпимость, снисходительность, вредное попустительство – действительно закрепилось в обыденном сознании говорящих на русском языке. Если гнилой либерализм сейчас говорят в основном иронически, то слово либеральничать употребляется очень часто в значении именно излишней терпимости. И, пожалуй, американская трактовка либерализма основана на этом значении – речь идет о терпимом (для правых – излишне терпимом, т.е. вредном попустительстве) отношении к общественным явлениям, противоречащим традиционным представлениям.
    •• Казалось, что у нас в стране в политическом и экономическом лексиконе слово либерализм закрепилось скорее в европейской трактовке. Но это все-таки не совсем так. Ведь если Pocket Oxford Dictionary определяет liberal как advocating moderate economic reforms, то наши либералы, например экономисты-последователи Гайдара, партия «Либеральная Россия» («либерал-демократы» Жириновского, конечно, не в счет), выступают за радикальное переустройство экономики, максимальное ограничение роли государства и т.д. Так что путаница сохраняется и даже усиливается. В связи с этим не так уж плохо выглядит предложение о том, чтобы переводчик мог, объяснив с самого начала, что речь идет об американском понимании либерализма, дальше для простоты так и говорить – либерализм, либералы (на письме можно в кавычках).
    •• Интересный пример на первый взгляд неточного, но в общем понятного употребления русского слова либеральный – в интервью В. Путина американским СМИ:
    •• В отличие от очень многих участников этого процесса наш подход является достаточно либеральным. Мы теоретически не исключаем более активного участия России в восстановлении Ирака, в том числе и участия наших военных в процессе нормализации ситуации. Для нас не важно, кто будет возглавлять эту операцию. Это могут быть и американские военные.
    •• Смысл слова либеральный здесь несколько туманен и по-настоящему раскрывается только в свете последующих предложений. Но если русское слово все-таки «борозды не портит», то английское liberal – особенно для американского получателя – будет просто непонятным. Можно сказать flexible, но еще лучше – open-minded.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > liberalism

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